Harms of Legalized Gambling
by Ken W. Karouzos, Legislative Coordinator
http://www.azpolicy.org/html/legalizedgambling.html
Numerous research studies and other statistical information have identified a strong link between our nationÂ’s recent increase in legalized gambling and increased societal problems. These problems include increased bankruptcies, suicides, addictions, divorce, child abuse, domestic violence and the exploitation of the poor.
Increased Bankruptcies.
Bankruptcies during the mid- and late-1990Â’s have approached record levels despite their paradoxical occurrence during a period of sustained economic growth.
A national study found that counties having at least one gambling establishment averaged 18% more bankruptcies than those counties without gambling. If the county had five or more gambling facilities, the increased rate was 35% higher.[1]
A five-year Iowa study found that counties having a casino, racetrack or riverboat casino had a bankruptcy rate averaging 21% higher than the rest of the state.[2]
Nevada, being the 35th most populous state, ranks 4th in terms of total bankruptcies.[3]
Atlantic County, New Jersey, home of Atlantic City, has a substantially higher bankruptcy rate than any of New JerseyÂ’s 21 other counties. Prince George's County, Maryland, the only Maryland county where casino gambling was legal in 1996, bankruptcies rate was also substantially higher when compared to MarylandÂ’s 24 other counties.[4]
Of CaliforniaÂ’s 58 counties, the two with the highest bankruptcy rates, Riverside and San Bernardino, are both adjacent to Las Vegas.[5]
Gambling-related bankruptcies in metro Detroit increased by as much as 40-fold within a year and a half of the opening of Casino Windsor.[6]
Various studies of pathological gamblers show that 20% or more eventually file for bankruptcy.[7]
Increased Suicides.
Gambling-related suicides are becoming an increasingly common. The extent of this phenomena remains largely unrecognized due to reasons ranging from a desire by family members to protect privacy to attempts by suicide victims to make their deaths appear accidental for insurance purposes. Even so, the evidence paints a grim picture of the depth of despondency which often accompanies gambling habits.
According to University of California-San Diego sociologist Dr. David Phillips, Las Vegas “displays the highest levels of suicide in the nation, both for residents of Las Vegas and for visitors to that setting.” In Atlantic City, N.J., Phillips found that “abnormally high suicide levels for visitors and residents appeared only after gambling casinos were opened.”[8]
In Gulfport, Mississippi, suicides increased by 213% (from 24 to 75) in the first two years after casinos arrived. In neighboring Biloxi, suicide attempts jumped by 1,000% (from 6 to 66) in the first year alone.[9]
The National Council on Problem Gambling, citing various studies, reports that one in five pathological gamblers attempts suicide and that this rate is higher than for any other type of addictive disorder.[10]
At least 140 clients at MinnesotaÂ’s six gambling addiction treatment centers have attempted suicide, according to the Minneapolis Star Tribune.[11]
A survey of nearly 200 Gamblers Anonymous members in Illinois found that 79% had wanted to die, 66% had contemplated suicide and 45% had a definite plan to kill themselves.[12]
The Illinois Council on Compulsive Gambling reports that more than 20 Illinois residents have killed themselves as a result of a gambling addiction since the arrival of riverboat casinos.[13]
Increased Gambling Addictions.
Gambling promoters frequently maintain that there is little, if any, relationship between the availability of gambling and gambling addiction. However, testimony from experts and data from gambling communities indicate otherwise.
The number of Gamblers Anonymous chapters in the United States has nearly doubled in the last eight years.[14]
According to Dr. Rachel Volberg, researcher who has overseen the majority of compulsive gambling prevalence surveys in the United States, gambling problems have increased noticeably in recent years as gambling has become more widely available.[15]
The percentage of Minnesota adults who demonstrated a serious gambling problem climbed 76% from 1990 (the year when Minnesota introduced its lottery) to 1994 (the year when a 17th Minnesota casino began operations).[16]
The percentage of Iowa problem and pathological gamblers rose by over 300% over the six-year period after casinos began operations.[17]
A court-ordered temporary shutdown of video lottery machines in the state of South Dakota resulted in a drastic reduction of people seeking treatment for gambling addictions. Before the machines were shut off, addiction treatment centers averaged 11 gamblers treated per month. During the shut down, the average monthly number of plummeted to less than one per month. Once the machines resumed operations, the average monthly number immediately jumped to 8.[18]
The percentage of New York individuals who reported having had a gambling problem increased 74% during the decade when gambling opportunities greatly expanded.[19]
In Oregon, the number of Gamblers Anonymous chapters increased 1,000% within five years of the introduction of video poker machines.[20]
Increased Divorces
28% of Gamblers Anonymous members reported being separated or divorced as a direct result of their gambling.[21]
The National Gambling Impact Study Commission reported that it received "abundant testimony and evidence that compulsive gambling introduces a greatly heightened level of stress and tension into marriages and families, often culminating in divorce and other manifestations of familial disharmony."[22]
A nationwide survey of divorced adults found that “2 million adults identified a spouse's gambling as a significant factor in their prior divorce.”[23]
The number of divorces in Harrison County, Mississippi, which is home to ten casinos, has increased by almost 300% since the introduction of casinos.[24]
Increased Child Abuse and Neglect
The National Gambling Impact Study Commission reported: "Children of compulsive gamblers are often prone to suffer abuse, as well as neglect, as a result of parental problem or pathological gambling."[25]
In Indiana, a review of the state's gaming commission records revealed that 72 children were found abandoned on casino premises during a 14-month period.[26]
In Louisiana and South Carolina, children died after being locked in hot cars for several hours while their caretakers gambled.[27]
An Illinois mother suffocated her infant daughter in order to collect insurance money to continue gambling.[28]
Cases of child abandonment at one of the nation's largest casino, “Foxwoods” in Ledyard, Connecticut, became so commonplace that authorities were forced to post signs in the casino's parking lots warning parents not to leave children in cars unattended.[29]
Increased Domestic Violence
According to the National Research Council, studies indicate that between 25% and 50% of spouses of compulsive gamblers have been abused.[30]
Mississippi domestic violence shelters reported increases between 100% and 300% in requests for assistance after the introduction of casinos on Mississippi's Gulf Coast,.[31]
A University of Nebraska Medical Center study concluded that problem gambling is as much a risk factor for domestic violence as alcohol abuse.[32]
Domestic violence murders in at least 11 states have been traced to gambling problems since 1996.[33]
Increased Rates of Overall Crime
The crime rate in Minnesota counties with casinos increased more than 200% faster than counties without casinos.[34]
The overall number of crimes within a 30-mile radius of Atlantic City increased over 100% during the nine years following the introduction of casinos.[35]
AU.S. News & World Report analysis found average national crime rates in casino communities to be 84% higher than communities without casinos.[36]
The number of court cases filed in Tunica County, Mississippi, increased by over 1,600% during the five-year period after casinos began operating.[37]
The annual number of police calls to the Ledyard, Connecticut, jumped over 400% within the five years after the opening of the nearby Foxwoods Casino.[38]
Nevada ranked first in crime rates among the fifty states in both 1995 and 1996, based on an analysis of FBI Uniform Crime Report statistics.[39]
University of Nevada-Las Vegas researchers concluded that the state of Wisconsin experiences an average of 5,300 additional major crimes a year due to the presence of casinos in that state. They also attributed an additional 17,100 arrests for less-serious crimes each year to the existence of casino gambling.[40]
Half of Louisiana District Attorneys surveyed in 1995 noted gambling as a factor in rising crime rates in their jurisdictions.[41]
Exploitation of the Poor
A study of 1,800 Minnesotans in state-run gambling treatment programs found that over half had yearly incomes of $20,000 or less. The study also discovered that the amount of debt, as a proportion of income, was highest among the poorest gamblers seeking treatment.[42]
University of North Florida researchers reported: "Gambling expenditures in Las Vegas indicate a regressive pattern for gambling taxes because the percentage of household income devoted to gambling falls consistently as income rises."[43]
Half of Illinois casino gamblers with annual incomes below $10,000 reported losing over $1,900 to the casinos in the previous year.[44]
In New York, those living in the most impoverished areas of the state spent 800% more of their income on lottery tickets than did those living in affluent sections.[45]
An Associated Press survey of Wisconsin lottery purchases found that residents living in the poorest neighborhoods in the state spent 400% more of their income on lottery tickets than those in wealthier neighborhoods.[46]
A University of Louisville study showed that Kentuckians with annual incomes less than $15,000 spent $9 per week on lottery tickets, while those earning twice that amount only spent $7.[47]
A Texas A&M study found that residents earning 2% of the state's total income, provide 10% of the stateÂ’s lottery's revenue.[48]
[1] "The Personal Bankruptcy Crisis, 1997: Demographics, Causes, Implications & Solutions," SMR Research Corporation, 1997, p. 117.
[2] John McCormick, "Many IowanÂ’s Going for Broke," Des Moines Register, June 15, 1997, p. 1. (Note: For the years 1991-1996.)
[3] Calculations based on data provided by the American Bankruptcy Institute.
[4] "The Personal Bankruptcy Crisis, 1997," op. cit., p. 117 and 123.
[5] Ibid.., p. 117.
[6] Ron French, "Gambling Bankruptcies Soar," Detroit News, December 3, 1995, p. A1.
[7] William N. Thompson, Ricardo Gazel and Dan Rickman, "The Social Costs of Gambling in Wisconsin," Wisconsin Policy Research Institute Report, July 1996, p. 15; Henry R. Lesieur and Christopher W. Anderson, "Results of a 1995 Survey of Gamblers Anonymous Members in Illinois," June 14, 1995; "The Personal Bankruptcy Crisis, 1997," op. cit., p. 124.
[8] David P. Phillips, Ward Welty, and Marisa Smith, “Elevated Suicide Levels Associated with Legalized Gambling,” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 27, December 1997, p. 373.
[9] Attorney General J. Joseph Curran, Jr., “The House Never Loses and Maryland Cannot Win: Why Casino Gaming Is a Bad Idea,” Report on the Impact of Casino Gaming on Crime, October 16, 1995, p. 7.
[10] National Council on Problem Gambling, Inc., “The Need for a National Policy on Problem and Pathological Gambling in America,” November 1, 1993, p. 7.
[11] Chris Ison, “That Last Losing Bet Often Is More Than Some Can Take,” (Minneapolis) Star Tribune, December 3, 1995, p. 18A.
[12] Henry R. Lesieur and Christopher W. Anderson, “Results of a 1995 Survey of Gamblers Anonymous Members in Illinois (N=184),” Illinois Council on Problem and Compulsive Gambling, June 14, 1995.
[13] Christopher Anderson (interview), executive director, Illinois Council on Problem and Compulsive Gambling, May 1, 1998; Laura Gatland, “Paying to Play,” Crain’s Small Business Chicago, October 1, 1996, p. 24.
[14] Information provided by Gamblers Anonymous International Service Office, Los Angeles, California, February 23, 1998.
[15] Rachel A. Volberg, "Prevalence Studies of Problem Gambling in the United States," Journal of Gambling Studies, Summer 1996, p. 123.
[16] Michael O. Emerson, J. Clark Laundergan, James M. Schaefer, "Adult Survey of Minnesota Problem Gambling Behavior; A Needs Assessment: Changes 1990 to 1994," Center for Addiction Studies, University of Minnesota, Duluth, September 1994.
[17] Rachel A. Volberg, "Gambling and Problem Gambling in Iowa: A Replication Survey," Iowa Department of Human Services, July 28, 1995.
[18] Robert D. Carr, Jerome E. Buchkoski, Lial Kofoed, and Timothy J. Morgan, "'Video Lottery' and Treatment for Pathological Gambling: A Natural Experiment in South Dakota," South Dakota Journal of Medicine, January 1996, p. 31.
[19] Rachel A. Volberg, "Gambling and Problem Gambling in New York: A 10-Year Replication Survey, 1986 to 1996," Report to the New York Council on Problem Gambling, July 1996.
[20] Jeff Mapes, "Gambling on Addiction," The Oregonian, March 9, 1997, p. 1A.
[21] National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC) Final Report, June 1999, p. 7-27.
[22] NGISC Final Report, p. 7-26.
[23] National Opinion Research Center, "Gambling Impact and Behavior Study: Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission," April 1, 1999, p. 48.
[24] Mississippi State Department of Health, "Vital Statistics Mississippi" for the years 1991-1998.
[25] NGISC Final Report, p. 7-28.
[26] Grace Schneider, "Children Being Left Alone While Parents Gamble," [Louisville] Courier-Journal, July 18, 2000.
[27] Joe Darby, "Sitter Indicted in Toddler's Death," New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 23, 1997, p. B1; "Police: Baby Died of Dehydration in Car While Mom Gambled in Casino," Associated Press, September 2, 1997.
[28] Ed Bierschenk, "Gambler Receives 21 Years in Connection with Baby's Death," Copley News Service, October 23, 1999.
[29] Stephanie Saul, "Tribe Bets on Growth," Newsday, August 11, 1997.
[30] National Research Council, "Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review," April 1, 1999, p. 5-2.
[31] Maryland Attorney General J. Joseph Curran, Jr., "The House Never Loses and Maryland Cannot Win: Why Casino Gaming Is a Bad Idea," October 16, 1995, p. 5; NGISC Final Report, p. 7-27.
[32] John Jejkal, "U. Nebraska Doctor Contributes to National Domestic Violence Study," Daily Nebraskan, January 13, 2000.
[33] Petula Dvorak, "Marrero Man Kills Wife, Self," New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 8, 1998, p. A1; Benita Williams, "Woman Sentenced in Slaying," Kansas City Star, December 21, 1999, p. B2; Dave Racher, "Landscaper Held in Wife's Slaying," Philadelphia Daily News, July 11, 1998; Hector Castro, "Savage Killing of 3 Still a Mystery," (Tacoma, Wash.) News Tribune, June 14, 1999, p. A1; Carson Walker, "Cepek Killed in Her Apartment, Police Believe," (Sioux Falls, S.D.) Argus Leader, January 30, 1997; Mark Horvit, "Anecdotes Link Video Poker with Crimes," Charlotte Observer, October 3, 1999; Jack Gruber, "Gambling Help Comes Slowly," Detroit News, October 3, 1997, p. C1; Ed Hayward, "Gambling Habit Eyed As Motive," Boston Herald, October 21, 1997, p. 7; W. Melillo and B. Masters, "Lone Survivor of Father's Shooting Dies," Washington Post, August 6, 1998, p. A1; Associated Press, "Woman Blames Gambling Debts in Double Murder," September 10, 1999; "Ohio Man Guilty of Bomb Murder," Associated Press, February 5, 1997.
[34] Dennis J. McGrath and Chris Ison, “Gambling Spawns a New Breed of Criminal,” [Minneapolis] Star Tribune, December 4, 1995, p. A6.
[35] Andrew J. Buck, Simon Hakim, and Uriel Spiegel, “Casinos, Crime and Real Estate Values: Do They Relate?,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, August 1991, p. 295.
[36] Joseph P. Shapiro, “America’s Gambling Fever,” U.S. News & World Report, January 15, 1996, pp. 58, 60.
[37] Bartholomew Sullivan, “Once-Sleepy Tunica Awakens to Gambling-Inspired Crime,” [Memphis] Commercial Appeal, October 20, 1997, p. A5.
[38] Mayor Wesley J. Johnson, Sr., “Fiscal Impacts of Foxwoods Casino on the Town of Ledyard, Connecticut,” April 1997.
[39] Ed Koch, “Nevada: Most Dangerous?” Las Vegas Sun, July 16, 1997, p. 1A.
[40] William N. Thompson, Ricardo Gazel, and Dan Rickman, “Casinos and Crime in Wisconsin: What’s the Connection?”, Wisconsin Policy Research Institute Report, November 1996.
[41] Greg Garland, “Crime Rising with Gambling: Bad Checks, Theft Show Biggest Gain,” [Baton Rouge, La.] Advocate, July 30, 1995, p. 1A.
[42] Pat Doyle, "Compulsive Gambling Hitting Poor Hardest, New State Study Says," Minneapolis Star Tribune, July 25, 1997, p. 1B.
[43] Mary O. Borg, Paul M. Mason and Stephen L. Shapiro, "The Incidence of Taxes on Casino Gambling: Exploiting the Tired and Poor," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, July 1991, pp. 323-332.
[44] Better Government Association, "Statement of J. Terrence Brunner, Executive Director," November 3, 1995.
[45] Ford Fessenden and John Riley, "And the Poor Get Poorer ...," Newsday, December 4, 1995, p. A7.
[46] "Lottery Claims Bigger Slice of Poor's Income," Chicago Tribune, May 26, 1995, sec. "News," p. 3.
[47] Sheldon Shafer, "Blacks and Poor Spend More Money on Lottery, Study Says," Louisville Courier-Journal, June 29, 1994, p. 1B. (Note: Based on weeks in which respondents played the lottery.)
[48] Crystal Humphress, "Survey Shows Poor Lose More to Lottery," Dallas Morning News, March 10, 1994, p. 16A.
Contact: Ken W. Karouzos, Legislative Coordinator, The Center for Arizona Policy This Fact Sheet may be reproduced without any change and in its entirety for non-commercial purposes without prior permission from The Center for Arizona Policy. © 2001 CAP. All rights reserved.
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