http://www.buddhapadipa.org/pages/buddhism_buddhismforbeginners.htmlUnit 1 - Middle way
Before the Buddhist period, there were two widely held beliefs; one was that all things were permanent, this described the transferring of the soul to a new body, after death and was called eternalism. The other was nihilism, which believed in the extinction of the being after death. In fact, they believed that everything was annihilated on death, as everyone was born of four elements and when the four elements dissolved, the being was also annihilated.
The Buddha did not preach either eternalism or nihilism. Instead, he taught the truth or the reality of conditioned existence. This was expressed in three characteristics:
1) Anicca The characteristic of impermanence; i.e. that all conditioned things are impermanent, and of the nature to arise and pass away. No conditioned thing has any permanent nature.
2) Dukkha The characteristic of unsatisfactoriness; i.e. that all conditioned things are unsatisfactory. This is because they are impermanent and do not last, put simply, conditioned things are imperfect.
3) Anatta The characteristic of non-self; i.e. that all conditioned things are without any permanent, independently existing self or entity.
As well as eternalism and nihilism, there were another two extreme beliefs; self-indulgence and self-mortification. Those who believed in self indulgence would utterly indulge the body in sense pleasures, paying no attention to the mind. They just served their bodies by eating, drinking, having sex etc. whenever they felt like it. The other group, the self-mortification practitioners did not agree with indulgence and so aspired to the opposite practice of completely mortifying themselves, through various austerities. They believed that if they sacrificed their happiness completely, and tortured themselves, they would achieve great benefit in the next life. These were two very extreme belief systems.
The Buddha himself was born a prince, and so had been showered with luxury since childhood, however, he soon realised that true happiness was not to be found in luxury and so went to practise or experiment with the practices of self-mortification, as a forest dwelling ascetic. However, during his six years as an ascetic, he found those practices, too, to be empty of true happiness. While he practised these, he knew that both of these approaches were too extreme. He realised that self-indulgence was utter materialism and self-mortification was utter spiritualism, so then he balanced these two extremes into the middle way, giving importance to both mind and matter, because when they work together, interdependently it is very powerful. He called this path of balance between the two extremes, the Middle Way. All things depend on the truth of cause and effect as is explained in the BuddhaÂ’s second noble truth; everything arises because of a cause. Since there is a cause, there is an effect which is related to its cause. According to Paticasamuppada (the law of cause and effect), the Buddha taught that all phenomena arise interdependently as the causes always give rise to effects. All things are inter-related, they cannot arise independently. This is called the Middle way in the Buddhist sense.
In another sense, the middle way is a balance which means that the practitioner has to learn and practise the teachings in balance, step by step. The Buddha taught the dhamma or teachings of five faculties; 1) confidence, 2) effort, 3) mindfulness, 4) concentration, and 5) wisdom which must be kept in balance. Confidence must be balanced by wisdom, if there is too much confidence, it gives rise to blind faith, in which people believe anything that has been taught to them, if on the other hand, there is not enough confidence, people end up doubting everything they hear and refusing to believe everything, without any consideration. Effort must also be balanced by concentration, if there is more effort than concentration, it will give rise to a nervous personality. On the contrary, if there is less concentration, it gives rise to sloth and torpor. There is only one quality for which we can say, the more the better, and that is mindfulness. One can never have too much mindfulness.
The middle way also has the meaning of practising or living with moderation. This can be things such as moderation in eating, which does not give rise to any disadvantage for the body. This is the middle way in practice. In general, the Buddhist practice is the middle way, not too loose or too tight. So the first characteristic of Buddhism is that it follows the Middle way.