Hi …....
It is better to find the truth deeply from history of Buddhism.In history and discovery TV channel, people are searching for the truth .
1)How many religion of groups have in India before and after Gautama Buddha’s time?
2) After First Buddha Council, which group of monk Buddhism group change and add the original version of Buddha Scripture?
3) Why original Buddhism group need to hold the Second Buddha Council to prevent the danger of group of monks who want to break the original rules and disciplines of monks and change and add the original version of Buddha scripture ?
4) Which Buddhism groups set up new group by combining the ideas,methods and theory of other religions and original version of Buddha scripture?
5) Why original Buddhism group chase out groups of monk who want to change and add the original Buddha scripture and break the original rules and disciplines of monks from the country? Which places do the bad monks of groups who are chased out from country in ancient times go and do what?
5) Why the whole India country lost original Buddhism and became Hindu after over 200 years counting from Gautama Buddha passed away.
6) Which buddhism group prevent the Buddha Scripture by sacrificing their life and how they overcome the difficulties of lifes and danger from enemy?
7) How many and which buddhism groups and how they spreads out the buddhism towards the whole Asia, Western and middle east countries in ancient times?
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http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Buddhism_History/id/52684
1st Buddhist council (5th c. BCE) The first Buddhist council was held soon after the death of the Buddha under the patronage of king Ajatasatru of the Magadha empire, and presided by a monk named Mahakasyapa, at Rajagriha (today's Rajgir). The objective of the council was to record the Buddha's sayings (sutra) and codify monastic rules (vinaya): Ananda, one of the Buddha's main disciples and his cousin, was called upon to recite the discourses of the Buddha, and Upali, another disciple, recited the rules of the vinaya. These became the basis of the Pali Canon, which has been the orthodox text of reference throughout the history of Buddhism. 2nd Buddhist council (383 BCE) The second Buddhist council was convened by King Kalasoka and held at Vaisali, following conflicts between the traditional schools of Buddhism and a more liberal interpretational movement called the Mahasanghikas.
The traditional schools considered the Buddha as a human being who reached enlightenment, which could be most easily attained by monks following the monastic rules and practicing the teaching for the sake of overcoming suffering and attaining Arahantship. The secessionist Mahasangikas, however, tended to consider this approach too individualistic and selfish. They considered the objective of becoming an arhat insufficient, and instead proposed that the only true goal was to reach full buddhahood, in a sense opening the way to future Mahayana thought. They became proponents of more relaxed monastic rules, which could appeal to a large majority of monastic and lay people (hence their name the "great" or "majority" assembly). The council ended with the rejection of the Mahasanghikas. They left the council and maintained themselves for several centuries in northwestern India and Central Asia according to Kharoshti inscriptions found near the Oxus and dated c. 1st century AD.
Ashokan proselytism (c. 260 BCE) The Mauryan king Ashoka (273�232 BCE) converted to Buddhism after his bloody conquest of the territory of Kalinga (today's Orissa) in the east of India. Regretful of the horrors brought by the conflict, the king decided to renounce violence, and to advertise the faith by building stupas and pillars urging for the respect of all animal life, and enjoining people to follow the Dharma. He also built roads and hospitals around the country. This period marks the first spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the plates and pillars left by king Ashoka (the Edicts of Ashoka), emissaries were sent to various countries in order to spread Buddhism, as far as the Greek kingdoms in the West, in particular the neighboring Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and possibly even farther to the Mediterranean according to the stone inscriptions left by Ashoka.
Here is some links for the history of Buddhism
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/buddhahist.html
http://www.hinduwebsite.com/buddhism/buddhistcouncils.asp
http://www.hinduwebsite.com/buddhism/history/mahayana.asp#CHAPTER_XXI
http://www.hinduwebsite.com/buddhism/history/thervadabuddhism_chronology.asp
http://www.buddhist-temples.com/history-of-buddhism.html
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab77
http://www.nalandabodhi.org/history_of_buddhism.html
http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/history_buddhism.html
http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/india.html
http://www.aboutbuddhism.org/history-of-buddhism.htm/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India
http://www.rk-world.org/outlook/history.html
http://www.important.ca/buddhism_after_buddha.html
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/buddhism/history.html
http://www.katinkahesselink.net/tibet/b_chron.html
http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Buddhism_History/id/52684
The council ended with the rejection of the Mahasanghikas.
don't think it was a rejection in the first council. both were concern with different community being monastic and lay. it was later council that started the "rejection".
Quote:-
First Council
Also known as 500 Council, Theravada Council", The First Compilation, etc. The assembly of 500 leading Bhikhus gathered for 3 months after the Buddha's death to compile the Buddhist sutras. It was held at Cave of the Seven Leaves near Rajagaha.
In the assembly, Ananda recited the Sutta-pitaka, Upali recited the Rules of Disciplines of the Order, i.e., Vinaya-pitaka, and Kassapa recited the Abhidhamma. Thus, the Tripitaka was adopted as a unity of doctrines and opinions within the religious order, and also an orthodox teaching for the Buddhists to follow.
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Mahasanghika and Sthavira are known as two earliest sects in Hinayana. Mahasanghika is said to be the basis of the development of the Mahayana Buddhism, while Sthavira of the Theravada Buddhism.
Mahasanghika
Literally means the Member of the Great Order, majority, community. During the First Council, when the Sthavira or elder disciples assembled in the cave after the Buddha's death, and the other disciples (called to be Mahasanghika) assembled outside the cave. Both compiled the Tripitaka. However, the former emphasized on the rules of disciplines in the monastic community, while the latter concerned the spread of the spirit of Buddhism in lay community. As sects, the principal division took place in the Second Council.
Sthavirah
Also known as Sthaviranikaya or Aryasthavirah. Sthavirah and Mahasanghikah are the two earliest sects in Buddhism. At first, they were not considered to be different. Sthavirah merely represented the intimate and older disciples of Shakyamuni, while Mahasanghika being the rest. It is said that a century later, a difference of opinion arose on certain doctrines. Three divisions were named as a result (all in Ceylon):
1)Mahaviharavasinah - A subdivision of the Sthavirah school, which
opposed to the Mahayana system.
2)Jetavaniyah - Or Jetiyasailah, school of the dwellers on Mount Jeta, which is a sub division of the Sthavirah, one of the Hinayana sect. Also known as Caitya-vandana, who paid reverence to or worship a stupa. Caitya is a religious monument or stupa in which the relics of the Buddha or other reverend sages are placed. This sect held that the Buddha's discourse was transcendent, his enlightenment was already determined when he was born, that he could violate the
natural laws, and could be reborn wherever he wished (in his previous lives as a Bodhisattva).
3)Abhayagiri-vasinah - A subdivision of early Sthavirah school. Abhayagiri, the Mountain of Fearlessness in Ceylon, where the disciples dwelled in a monastery.
In the course, the eighteen Hinayana sects were developed. From the time of Ashoka, four principal school are regarded as prevailing:
1) Mahasanghika - Literally means the Member of the Great Order, majority, community.
2) Sthavira
3)Sammatiyah - a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah. It is a school of correct measures, or correct evaluation, formed about 300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. It was classified in the Pudgalavadin category, thus often linked with Vatsiputriyah.
4) Mulasarvastivada - a branch of the Sarvastivadin sect, which asserted the doctrine of the reality of things. It held that all is produced by causative action, and everything is dynamic, not static. Mulasavastivada is a school of reality of all phenomena, one of the early Hinayana sects, said to have been formed, about 300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. Later it subdivided into five:
a) Mulasarvastivadah ,
b ) Dharmaguptah - a subdivision of Sarvastivadah, developed from Mahisasakah and located in northwest India and Central Asia. Literally means those who protect (or preserve) the Law. They were instrumental informing the cult of the stupa, and were expert in incantation.
c) Kasyapiyah - a subdivision of Sarvastivadah.
d) Mahisasakah - a branch of Sarvastivadah founded 300 years after the Nirvana, but the doctrines of the school are said to be similar to those of the Mahasanghika. Literally means a ruler who converted or rectified his land or people. The school denied reality to past and future, but maintained the reality of the present. Similarly, the school rejected the doctrine of the void and the non-ego, the
production of taint by the Five consciousness, the theory of nine kinds of non-activity, and so on. They held that enlightenment came suddenly rathern than gradually.
e) Vatsiputriyah (most influential) - Vatsiputriyas in Sanskrit, Vajjiputtakas in Pali. Hinayanist sect often linked with Sammatiyah, which broke from the orothodox Sarvastivada. The founder was Vatsa. They may be classified as Pudgalavadins, accepting the pudgala transmigrated, and rejecting the theory of the Five Skandhas (the Five Aggregates comprising personality). They were considered schismatics through their insistence on the reality of the self. That individual self is neither the same nor different from the Five Skandhas. The doctrine challenged the Dharma exposition by the Sarvastivadah. The school was later dividied into four:
i)Dharmottariyah - a branch of Sthavirandin developed from Vatsiputriyah. Dharmottara is the Buddhist logician writing, an important commentary called the Nyayabindu-tika on Dharmakirtis Nyayabindu.
ii)Bhadrayaniyah - a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah.
iii)Sammatiyah - a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah. It is a school of correct measures, or correct evaluation, formed about 300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. It was classified in the Pudgalavadin category, thus often linked with Vatsiputriyah.
iv)Sannagarikah - a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah.
As far as Sthavira is concerned, there are eleven sects reckoned.
The Sthaviravadins were reputed as nearest to early Buddhism in its tenets, though it is said to have changed the basis of Buddhism from an agonostic system to a realist philosophy.
ps: Pls try to be less bias in this forum.
I'm not bias in this forum.I didn't say which buddhism goup is right or wrong.I just gave the resources and information about history of buddhism.
I wish the buddhists to find the truth from the history .I wish the buddhists to choose the correct one.I wish the buddhists to get more knowledge about history of Buddhism.I wish the buddhists to escape all the suffering of lifes.
good, because you wrote:-
"The council ended with the rejection of the Mahasanghikas."
so i clarified in my post.
Note that the article in the link below was approved by the Current First Congress of the WORLD Buddhist Sangha Council (WBSC):-
The Basic Points Unifying the Therav�da and the Mah�y�na is an important Buddhist Ecumenical statement created in 1967 during the First Congress of the World Buddhist Sangha Council (WBSC), where its founder Secretary-General, the late Venerable Pandita Pimbure Sorata Thera, requested the Ven. Walpola Rahula to present a concise formula for the unification of all the different buddhist traditions. This text was then unanimously approved by the Council.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Points_Unifying_the_Theravada_and_the_Mahayana
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This is written in website.I copy and paste it only.
"The council ended with the rejection of the Mahasanghikas."
There are many method, yet there is no 2 path returning to the source.
八万四å�ƒ,法门虽多,å�‡å�¯å…¥é�“,方便有多门,å½’å…ƒæ— äºŒè·¯.
"The 84,000 Dharma gates ultimately return to a single superlative teaching." Gandavyuha (T293) - Based on Chinese translation by Prajna
"Those who teach a Dhamma for the abandoning of passion, for the abandoning of aversion, for the abandoning of delusion — their Dhamma is well-taught."
AN 3.72 - Ajivaka Sutta
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