What did the Buddha really mean by “mindfulness?” B. Alan Wallace describes how misunderstanding the term can have implications for your practice.
Buddhist scholar and teacher B. Alan Wallace is a prolific author and translator of Buddhist texts. With a B.A. in both physics and the philosophy of science from Amherst College and a Ph.D. in religious studies from Stanford University, he devotes much of his time combining his interests in the study of Buddhist philosophical and contemplative traditions and their relationship to modern science.
Wallace is founder and president of the Santa Barbara Institute for Consciousness Studies, in Santa Barbara, California. Here he speaks in depth with Tricycle about what he considers an essential but widely misunderstood Buddhist practice: mindfulness meditation. Wallace argues that our poor understanding of the practice has profound implications for our meditation practice, and may very well draw us from the ultimate fruit of Buddhist practice—liberation from suffering and its underlying causes. The interview was conducted by email over the course of several months in 2007.
For the past several months you’ve been in dialogue
with many Buddhist teachers on the topic of mindfulness. What prompted you to
focus on this topic? For years I’ve been puzzled by the discrepancies
between the descriptions of mindfulness given by many modern Vipassana teachers
and psychologists who rely on them, on the one hand, and the definitions of
mindfulness we find in traditional Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist literature
on the other. When I first noticed this disparity about thirty years ago, I
thought perhaps it was due to differences between Theravada and Mahayana
Buddhism. But the more I looked into this, the more it appeared to me that
traditional Theravada and Mahayana sources are largely in accord with each
other, and it was the modern accounts of mindfulness that departed from both
traditions.
In what ways do the modern accounts differ? While mindfulness (sati) is often equated with bare attention, my conversations with—and recent studies
of works by—the learned monks Bhikkhu Bodhi and Bhikkhu Analayo, and Rupert
Gethin, president of the Pali Text Society, led me to conclude that bare
attention corresponds much more closely to the Pali term manasikara, which is commonly translated as “attention” or “mental engagement.” This word
refers to the initial split seconds of the bare cognizing of an object, before
one begins to recognize, identify, and conceptualize, and in Buddhist accounts
it is not regarded as a wholesome mental factor. It is ethically neutral. The
primary meaning of sati, on the other hand, is recollection, non-forgetfulness.
This includes retrospective memory of things in the past, prospectively remembering to do something in the future, and present-centered recollection in
the sense of maintaining unwavering attention to a present reality. The
opposite of mindfulness is forgetfulness, so mindfulness applied to the breath,
for instance, involves continuous, unwavering attention to the respiration.
Mindfulness may be used to sustain bare attention (manasikara),
but nowhere do traditional Buddhist sources equate mindfulness with such
attention.
Does the Buddha ever mention the term manasikara in his mindfulness
instructions? Not that I know of. The term figures most prominently in
Abhidhamma-based treatises on Buddhist psychology. In the Buddha’s practical
instructions on both samatha (tranquility meditation) and vipassana (insight meditation), the terms sati and sampajanna appear most
often. Sampajanna is usually translated from the Pali as “clear
comprehension,” but this type of awareness always has a reflexive quality: It
invariably entails a monitoring of the state of one’s body or mind, sometimes
in relation to one’s environment. For this reason, I prefer to translate sampajanna as “introspection,” which here entails discerning observation not only of one’s
mind but of one’s physical and verbal activities as well.
What are some of the pitfalls of viewing meditation simply as a process of
bare attention? When mindfulness is equated with bare attention, it can
easily lead to the misconception that the cultivation of mindfulness has
nothing to do with ethics or with the cultivation of wholesome states of mind
and the attenuation of unwholesome states. Nothing could be further from the
truth. In the Pali Abhidhamma, where mindfulness is listed as a wholesome
mental factor, it is not depicted as bare attention, but as a mental factor
that clearly distinguishes wholesome from unwholesome mental states and
behavior. And it is used to support wholesome states and counteract unwholesome
states.
What, then, is the role of bare attention? The cultivation of bare
attention is valuable in many ways, and there’s a rapidly growing body of
research on its benefits for both psychological and physiological disorders.
But it’s incorrect to equate that with mindfulness, and an even greater error
to think that’s all there is to vipassana. If that were the case, all
the Buddha’s teachings on ethics, samadhi (highly focused attention),
and wisdom would be irrelevant. All too often, people who assume that bare
attention is all there is to meditation reject the rest of Buddhism as
clap-trap and mumbo-jumbo. The essential teachings are dismissed rather than one’s
own preconceptions.
A frequent claim is that bare awareness will automatically prevent
unwholesome thoughts from arising. Is there any basis for this notion in the
texts? Bare awareness as calm, nonreactive awareness of one’s meditative
object plays a crucial role in samatha practice, which alleviates such
afflictive mental states as craving, aversion, dullness, agitation, and doubt.
There are also many accounts in Buddhist texts of people gaining profound,
liberating insights through what appears to be bare attention. Perhaps the most
well-known case is that of the wandering ascetic Bahiya. After becoming a
highly accomplished contemplative, he recognized that he still hadn’t achieved
liberation, so he sought out the guidance of the Buddha, who told him, “In
reference to the seen, there will be only the seen. In reference to the heard,
only the heard. In reference to the sensed, only the sensed. In reference to
the cognized, only the cognized. That is how you should train yourself.” And
Bahiya immediately achieved liberation.
We could easily conclude from this that bare
attention is all that is needed in insight meditation. But we must remember
that Bahiya’s case was exceptional. He had already achieved a very high level
of spiritual maturation before he met the Buddha, so these quintessential
instructions were all he needed to completely purify his mind of all mental
afflictions. For the rest of us, the rich diversity of theories and practices
in Buddhism can be a great aid. Bare awareness can play an important role in
this, and on occasion it may indeed prevent unwholesome thoughts from arising.
But if we stick to bare attention alone, it can also prevent wholesome thoughts
from arising! For example, meditations for the cultivation of the four sublime
virtues of lovingkindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity are all
practiced with mindfulness but not bare attention. Bare attention is not a
complete practice, and by itself it can be helpful and yet very limiting.
Do the differing definitions of mindfulness have any practical bearing? Or
is this just a semantic issue? It’s far more than a semantic issue. In
common usage the English term mindfulness simply means to be aware, or
heedful. Sati has a much richer connotation, so those wishing to practice
Buddhist meditation are well advised to gain as clear an understanding of this
and other related terms as they can, based on the most authoritative sources
they can find. Otherwise, Buddhist meditation quickly devolves into a vague
kind of “be here now” mentality, in which the extraordinary depth and richness
of Buddhist meditative traditions are lost.
Would it help to standardize the meaning of mindfulness? Out of respect
for the integrity of each tradition, it would be a mistake to force them all
into the same mold. It’s important to be sensitive to differences among
different schools. But insofar as the discourses attributed to the Buddha and
the major commentaries agree on the meaning of mindfulness, this should be
recognized by Buddhists of all schools.
In his classic fifth-century work The Path of Purification, Buddhaghosa, the most authoritative commentator in the Theravada tradition, begins his explanation of this topic by stating that it is by means of mindfulness that we are able to recall things or events in the past, which echoes the Buddha’s definition of this term. Its characteristic, Buddhaghosa writes, is “not floating,” in that the mind is closely engaged with the chosen object of attention. Its property is “not losing,” indicating that mindfulness enables us to maintain our attention without forgetfulness. Its manifestation is “guarding” or being “face to face with the object,” implying that “the rope of mindfulness” holds the attention firmly to its chosen object, whether it is a relatively stable, single object or a continuum of interrelated events. Its basis is “strong noting,” suggesting its discerning quality, which is crucial when closely practicing satipatthana (the Four Applications of Mindfulness)—mindfulness of the body, feelings, thoughts, and other phenomena. As Buddhaghosa comments that mindfulness should be seen as a post set in its object, and as a gatekeeper guarding the doors of perception. On the basis of this classic, authoritative account, we can easily see why mindfulness is essential for samatha and vipassana in particular and for spiritual practice in general. Traditionally, samatha is the primary method for cultivating mindfulness, while in the practice of vipassana one applies mindfulness and wisdom (panna) to body, mind, feelings, and other phenomena.
In its psychological role as recollection, sati is an ordinary mental faculty we use in daily life. Some of the exercises in satipatthana,
such as contemplating the anatomical parts of the body, can’t possibly be done
with bare attention—for example, as satipatthana is used in the practice
of mentally scanning bodily sensations. In all cases, mindfulness as it is
cultivated in spiritual practice is applied with discerning intelligence, often
viewing phenomena within the contexts of Buddhist categories such as the five
aggregates. This is evident in the Buddha’s primary discourse on satipatthana,
which goes far beyond bare attention.
What’s the difference between mindfulness and right mindfulness? Is there
such a thing as wrong mindfulness? A sniper hiding in the grass, waiting to
shoot his enemy, may be quietly aware of whatever arises with each passing
moment. But because he is intent on killing, he is practicing wrong
mindfulness. In fact, what he’s practicing is bare attention without an ethical
component. Generally speaking, right mindfulness has to be integrated with sampajanna—again,
introspection involving clear comprehension—and it is only when these two work
together that right mindfulness can fulfill its intended purpose. Specifically,
in the practice of the Four Applications of Mindfulness, right mindfulness has
to occur in the context of the full Noble Eightfold Path: For example, it must
be guided by right view, motivated by right intention, grounded in ethics, and
be cultivated in conjunction with right effort. Without right view or right
intention, one could be practicing bare attention without its ever developing
into right mindfulness. So bare attention doesn’t by any means capture the
complete significance of vipassana, but represents only the initial
phase in the meditative development of right mindfulness.
There’s a tendency in some circles to favor vipassana practice over samatha practice. Can you say something about that? The term samatha,
variously translated as “tranquility” or “meditative quiescence,” refers to a
wide range of practices for the purpose of achieving samadhi, or highly
focused attention, or single-pointed concentration. Both mindfulness and
introspection are integral to all samatha practices, and the
concentrated awareness one achieves through such practice may be applied to any
kind of object, small or large, simple or complex, relatively stable or
changing. samatha practice is often overlooked or at best marginalized
in many contemporary schools of Buddhism, including Zen, Theravada, and Tibetan
Buddhism. With its emphasis on “sudden enlightenment,” the Zen tradition
doesn’t teach samatha as a separate practice. Rather, it’s incorporated
into the zazen practice of “just sitting” and into meditations on koans. This same trend has recently carried over into the modern vipassana tradition, which de-emphasizes samatha. But in traditional Theravada and
Mahayana literature, samatha practices take a central role in the
familiar triad of ethics, mental balance (the broader meaning of samadhi),
and wisdom. Moreover, the array of Buddhist practices taught in the category of
samadhi covers much more than just developing single-pointed
concentration. These practices are aimed at cultivating exceptional states of
mental health and balance, and all insight meditations are optimally practiced
on that basis. Without mindfulness, mental balance cannot be developed. And
without the stability and vividness of attention achieved through samatha practice, Buddhist wisdom practices are bound to be impaired by mental
agitation, dullness, and other hindrances. Ethics and mental balance support
each other, as do samatha and vipassana.
Mindfulness as a practice is normally associated with the Theravada
tradition. What role does it play in Vajrayana practice? Mindfulness, as
the faculty of sustaining continuous attention on a chosen object, is
indispensable for all kinds of meditation. In the many visualization exercises
included in Vajrayana meditations, mindfulness enables one to sustain such
imagery with stability and clarity. Vajrayana also includes Mahamudra and
Dzogchen meditations, and here, once again, stable, luminous, nonreactive
attention is strongly emphasized, as it is in Zen. But the basis for these
wisdom practices is still the cultivation of mental balance, including calm,
vivid attention.
In authentic Mahamudra practice, for instance, one first trains in the fundamental teachings of the Four Noble Truths, including the practices of ethics, mental balance, and wisdom. Then one ventures into the Mahayana teachings, especially those on the Bodhisattva ideal, the “Perfection of Wisdom” explanations of emptiness and dependent origination, and the Buddha-nature. On that basis, one is initiated into Vajrayana Buddhism, with its own unique practices for transmuting one’s body, speech, and mind into the body, speech, and mind of a buddha. Finally, one is trained in the specific view, meditation, and way of life of the Mahamudra tradition. The meditation entails a kind of radical “not-doing,” in which one rests in unstructured awareness, releasing grasping onto all kinds of sensory appearances, memories, and thoughts. As a result of such practice, all experiences gradually arise as aids to one’s spiritual awakening, and finally all phenomena are perceived as pure expressions of primordial consciousness, or Buddha-nature.
The first phase of Dzogchen meditation, known as
the “breakthrough,” is very similar to Mahamudra, and at first glance they may
seem identical to the bare attention practiced in the modern vipassana tradition and in Zen. But as we’ve noted in the discussion of right
mindfulness, the context of one’s practice is crucial, and methods that appear
the same on the surface may have deep, underlying differences. Traditionally,
Zen monks, for example, would commonly train in ethics and study the great
treatises of their tradition for years before they would devote themselves
single-pointedly to meditation. The same is often true in the Theravada and
Tibetan Buddhism. Each of these traditions presents the practice of meditation
within the context of its own worldview, deeply informed by Buddhist insights.
What are some of the distinctive features in the Mahayana and Vajrayana
worldviews that would make their use of mindfulness different from that of the
Theravada tradition? Right mindfulness emerges only within the context of
right view and right intention, and each of those schools of Buddhism has its
own distinct interpretation of these latter two elements of the Noble Eightfold
Path. In Theravada Buddhism, right view focuses on the three themes of
impermanence, suffering, and nonself. Right intention is a motivation for
practice based on the recognition of the nature and causes of suffering and the
yearning to gain irreversible liberation from all mental afflictions that lie
at the root of suffering. Some contemporary Vipassana teachers seldom emphasize
right view or right intention, and I think it’s doubtful that the practice of
mindfulness alone will result in any “world-transcending” realizations. Again,
if mindfulness as it is commonly understood today were all that is needed to
achieve liberation, then all the rest of the Buddha’s teachings would be
pointless.
In Mahayana Buddhism, right mindfulness is practiced together with the view of emptiness, dependent origination, and Buddha-nature, and with the intention to achieve perfect enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. Without such a view and motivation, it is said that the practice of mindfulness and all related forms of meditation will not lead to Buddhahood. In the Vajrayana tradition, right view includes the “pure vision” of perceiving all phenomena as expressions of primordial consciousness, and right intention is the altruistic motivation to achieve perfect enlightenment as swiftly as possible for the sake of all beings. This is the same motivation as for Mahayana practice, but it has a greater sense of urgency.
In each of those cases, mindfulness takes on a distinct flavor, just as it does if it’s practiced with a materialistic worldview and a mundane motivation—that is, simply to relieve stress and find greater happiness in this lifetime alone. When bare attention is practiced within the context of a modern, materialistic worldview, there’s no basis for believing it will produce the same results as when it’s practiced within the context of Theravada, Mahayana, or Vajrayana Buddhism.
Over the past century, Buddhism has been undergoing a kind of Protestant Reformation, with the decline of Buddhist monasticism and the increased popularity of meditation among lay Buddhists. It is wonderful that so many people nowadays are incorporating Buddhist meditation into their daily lives. But it is important not to overlook the value of devoting years to the study and practice of meditation as one’s sole vocation. After all, we would not entrust our teeth to someone who had simply taken a number of dentistry workshops and practiced for an hour or so a day, so shouldn’t we be even more careful about entrusting our minds to meditation instructors without years of professional training in the theory and practice of meditation?
It all depends on our view and intention with
regard to meditation. If what we really want is a kind of meditative therapy to
help us relieve stress, work through personal psychological problems, and lead
a more balanced life, we don’t need highly trained meditation teachers. But
insofar as we set our goals higher—to liberation from the cycle of existence
and the realization of perfect enlightenment—then we need to rely on those who
have been professionally trained for years in the theory and practice of
meditation. Traditionally, monastics have played a crucial role in this regard,
and I hope they will continue to do so in the future. But for that to happen,
they need to be supported by the Buddhist laity, as they have been in the past.
With part-time Buddhists in our Western communities, are we unlikely to
produce enlightened teachers? If we had only part-time scientists, then no
branch of science would have progressed to its current level of sophistication.
Likewise, if we had only part-time doctors and psychotherapists, we would be
much worse off with respect to our physical and mental healthcare. More
broadly, imagine the world with only part-time mechanics, electricians,
farmers, and teachers. If we left all the major professions in the hands of
amateurs, modern civilization would be immeasurably impoverished.
The path to spiritual awakening is the most challenging of all human endeavors and entails the deepest transformation of a human being from a deluded, miserable creature to an enlightened sage. If we wish to produce enlightened teachers in modern society, then individuals who wholeheartedly wish to devote themselves to this path—whether or not they want to take monastic ordination—should be given all possible support. This would be our greatest gift to future generations.
Mindfulness itself does not lead to liberation it is only one of the required factor -- right concentration (among the 37 factors to enlightenment) of the 8 fold path. Mindfulness is absolutely necessary for Meditation, without concentration and mindfulness and cannot overcome pain, cannot gain wisdom. Mangala Vihara now is running Samatha (or mindfulness concentration) Basic Meditation now into its third lesson. Still can just join in (next tuesday 28 July 2015 2nd floor Managa Vihara -> opp Eunos MRT at 7.30pm, runs once a year) those interested can just join in as still can catch up and ask Bhante Raja he is really good in explaining Samatha Mindfulness Meditation and has good presentation and explaination.
The advertisement poster does not looks good, but the actual session explaination is good with presentation material. Highly recommended. (Explaination in English/Mandarin) this is the third samatha training couse. after finish this , can go thursday (same place) Vipanasana Meditation (walking and sitting). Then finally can go Meditation retreat 5 days to 10 days.
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