Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen
“Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,”Soldiers are supposed to be upright and dignified as they fight for their nation yet the poet depicts them as beggars and hags, which are more suitable for old people. Generally, soldiers are described as representatives of a country, the backbone of the nation. This shows how the poet views soldiers.
“Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;”The usage of the words ‘trudge’ and ‘men marched asleep’ showed how tired the soldiers were. Soldiers usually wear boots however these soldiers in the poems are shod with blood on their feet.
“Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping slowly behind.”The word ‘drunk’ is normally used for things such as alcohol or happiness, not fatigue. It amplifies the extent of weariness the soldiers are feeling, such that they can be deaf even to the sound of approaching danger.
“Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! - An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;”The poet uses alliteration like “Gas! Gas!” to reinforce the anger and bitterness. There is a sense of urgency felt by the reader upon reading the line. Ecstasy is used to describe a sense of happiness but in this case, happiness is managing to fit the helmets on in time which is rather ironic. The phrase ‘clumsy helmets’ is a personification used by the poet to show the panic felt by the soldiers.
“But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And floundering like a man in fire or lime. -”The words ‘stumbling’ and ‘floundering brings to mind the idea of helplessness and suffering. The simile ‘like a man in fire or lime’ illustrates agony suffered by the soldiers.
“Dim through the misty panes and thick green light
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.”
“In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.”There is no green sea, it is a metaphor for the gas-shells and the green light. Instead of drowning in water, the soldier is drowning in gas. “In all my dreams, before my helpless sight” exemplifies the sense of helplessness and the feeling that the poet would never be able to sleep without dreaming of the dying soldier.
“If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,”Dreams are normally pleasant but smothering dreams as a metaphor would suffocate you and drown you in nightmares. In the first three stanzas, the poet has not addressed the listener but in line 17, the listener is addressed directly. The poet is identifying with the listener and showing a sense of solidarity.
The usage of the word ‘flung’ shows a sense of carelessness which is normally acquainted with garbage or rubbish, not human lives. The poet is trying to say that war makes life worthless and cheap.
“And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;”The poet engages the sense of sight and horrifies with the idea of eyes that has no pupils struggling in the soldier’s face. ‘His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin’ means to say that the image is unthinkable as the devil cannot possibly be sick of sin.
“If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, -”The poet engages the sense of hearing, taste and touch with the sound of gargling blood, bitter cud and sores. Harsh phrases such as ‘obscene as cancer, froth-corrupted lungs’ are used to describe the anguish felt by the soldier. A contrast is made between ‘vile, incurable sores’ and ‘innocent tongues’. The poet is making a point that innocent lives are lost and needless suffering is caused by war.
“My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.”In the last stanza, the poet makes his final statement that young children should not be told that it is sweet and glorious to die for their country, as it is an utter lie.
Question: How does the poet convey the horrors of war in this poem?