[TODAY 5-SEP-2007 ODEX NEWS]WHO WILL Protect THE KIDS from copyright oWNers?
THOMAS KOSHY
IT WAS in September 2003 that the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) fired the first salvoes in the war against home users who had infringed copyright by downloading music off the Internet.
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Four years and thousands of claims later, the battle still rages on. And the casualties have included even pre-teen children accused of such copyright infringement.
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The tsunami of claims by copyright owners against home users that originated in America has generated ripples in Singapore, seen in the demands made by Odex against youths who had allegedly downloaded copyright-infringing anime off the Internet.
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One of the 105 Odex claims that have been settled reportedly even involved a nine-year-old child. Most of the other offenders were in their late teens or early twenties.
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So, does the law afford any protection to such youths, especially those who have yet to attain the age of majority?.
To start with, copyright infringement can lead to criminal and civil proceedings. Generally, criminal proceedings lead to punishments such as imprisonment and fines. Civil proceedings normally result in money or damages being paid to the claimant.
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The Penal Code states that no act by a child under seven years of age is an offence. Children between seven and 12 years old will not be held criminally-liable if they had not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of the act.
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It follows that a child below seven years of age cannot be convicted for a copyright offence (or any other crime for that matter), and the same may apply to children up to the age of 12.
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Even if a child does commit a copyright offence, one would expect him to be warned rather than be hauled to court. And even if the child were charged in court, the expected punishment would be probation rather than any fine or imprisonment. Children below the age of 14 may not be sentenced to imprisonment at all.
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In the face of these laws to protect children, it would seem inappropriate to send letters to children threatening them with fines and imprisonment. .
Threatening criminal prosecution unless some form of compensation is paid could very well be illegal in itself.
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It may be useful if the Public Prosecutor, who is the fount of authority to prosecute crimes, makes it clear that private persons should not threaten criminal proceedings in pursuing claims for compensation.
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It is also worth considering if the Public Prosecutor should, as a matter of policy, refuse to issue fiats for private prosecution of offenders who are minors.
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After all, profit-driven copyright owners cannot be trusted to have the interests of minors at heart. Cases involving minors are probably best dealt with by the Public Prosecutor.
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How about civil claims against children then? Most people are aware that minors do not have the legal capacity to enter into contract. Under Singapore law a minor is anyone below 21 years old.
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But a claim for copyright infringement is not based on a contract and so the rule about minors not having the capacity to contract has no relevance. Therefore, one is apparently never too young to be sued for copyright infringement.
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Still, even if there is no legal impediment to suing minors for copyright infringement, doing so may prove futile.
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There is little satisfaction in obtaining a paper judgment against a minor who is unable to cough up any money to satisfy such a judgment — a classic case of throwing good money after bad.
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This is probably why the RIAA decided not to pursue its now notorious court case in the US against Brittany Chan who was 12 years old when she was accused of downloading copyrighted files through a peer-to-peer file-sharing network.
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The RIAA had tried to hold Brittany's mother Candy liable for facilitating the illegal downloads but withdrew their claim when faced with Candy's application for it to be struck out.
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The law protects minors in court by demanding that the minor be represented by an adult guardian. Prior to court proceedings, there is currently no impediment to copyright owners sending a demand letter directly to a child suspected of copyright infringement.
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Given that many of those who may find themselves on the wrong side of copyright laws are likely to be children and youths, this may be a cause for concern. The reaction of a child to such an unexpected threat of dire legal consequences may be unpredictable and disproportionate to the actual situation.
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Allowing copyright owners to enter into settlements with minors may also lead to exploitation.
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In a world where children may inadvertently find themselves tangled in confrontations with big businesses, it may be worth considering whether more can be done to protect the interests of the young.
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Copyright owners have a loud voice when it comes to lobbying for legislation. But who will speak for the children? The law must achieve the right balance to protect even the mute.
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The writer is a legal academic.
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These are his personal views.
http://www.todayonline.com/articles/209316.asp