The Kumamoto Prefecture, known in ancient times as the Higo Province, is backed with a rich history, one marked with numerous volcanic activities, the rise and fall of powerful clans and major uprisings – all of which allowed it to play a huge part in Japanese history as a whole, and shaped Kumamoto to what it is today.
Suizenji Jojuen Shrine
Prehistory to Early Japan
Over the years, hundreds of archaeological sites have been discovered in Kumamoto, comprising about one third of all the archaeological sites in Japan, the oldest being the Ishinomoto site in Kumamoto City. Many of these contained elaborate kofuns or megalithic tombs, as well as middens, various stone tools and earthenware.
Based on these artifacts, it has been established that Kumamato has been inhabited by humans for roughly 30,000 years, making it one of the earliest human settlements in Japan. These settlers were originally a society of hunters and gatherers, but gradually progressed to cultivating rice, salt production and ironware production in the Yayoi Period (300 BC-300 AD).
Asuka and Nara Periods (538-794)
At the start of the Asuka Period, the Kamamoto area was known as the Higo province, the only major province on the island of Kyushu, and was divided into three districts – Kuma, Asonken and Yatsushiro.
It was during this time that the Ritsuryo was introduced, which was a legal code patterned after the laws and beliefs of the ancient Tang Dynasty. The strong influence of the Chinese empire continued well into the Nara Period, during which the Japanese upper classes began to adopt Buddhism, while the villagers worshipped spirits known as kami, whom they communicated with through female shamans or priestesses known as miko.
Heian Period (794-1185)
By the beginning of the Heian Period, the Higo Province was comprised of 14 counties and 99 villages. Later on, the feudal system of landowning clans and their manors, called shoen, began to emerge.
In Higo, the most powerful clans were the Aso clan, who occupied the area around Mt. Aso, and the more famous Kikuchi clan.
Towards the 11th century, these clans established their own armies to protect their lands, so signalling the beginning of the age of warriors – the shogunate and the samurai.
Kamakura Period (1185-1336)
The Kamakura Period takes its name from the Kamakura Shogunate established by the Minamoto clan, who seized power from the Taira clan. The Kikuchi clan, former allies of the Taira clan, allied with the new shogunate, while maintaining close ties with Emperor Go-Daigo.
It was also within this period that the Mongols made attempts to invade Japan. During the campaign against this invasion, the Kikuchi clan defeated the Mongols at Fukuoka, gaining even higher favor with the Emperor. The 12th head of the clan, Kikuchi Taketoki, became one of the Emperor’s most trusted men.
Muromachi Period (1336-1573)
During the Muromachi Period, division was widespread throughout Japan. The Imperial Court was divided into the North and the South, with the Kikuchi and Aso clans supporting the latter, while Kyushu island itself was divided into two factions, with clans fighting among themselves.
In order to unify the Kikuchi clan, the 13th head, Kikuchi Takeshige, initiated a blood pact among the members of the clan, which became the country’s oldest constitution signed in blood. Today, the constitution can be seen at the Kikuchi shrine.
In spite of its unity, though, the Kikuchi clan fell out of power during the Sengoku Period in the latter part of the Muromachi Period, and Higo Province was occupied by various clans, including the Otomo clan, the Ryuzoji clan and the Shimazu clan.
Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568-1603)
As part of his campaign to unify Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a powerful Japanese lord and general, successfully invaded the island of Kyushu, after which he gave Higo Province to Sassa Narimasa.
Sassa, however, was unable to maintain order in the province, and was stripped of power. Higo Province was then placed under two rulers – the northern half under Kato Kiyomasa and the southern half under Konishi Yukinaga.
After the defeat of Konishi in the Battle of Sekigahara, which paved the way for the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate, the entire Higo Province was awarded to Kato, who began his efforts to unify the region. Kato is also the one responsible for building the town of Kumamoto, including its prestigious castle.
It was also during this period that Christianity, in particular, Catholicism, flourished in Amakusa, a group of islands located west of Higo Province.
Edo Period (1603-1868)
Japan prospered in the Edo Period under the Tokugawa shogunate. The town of Kumamoto, now under the Hosokawa clan, was no exception. Wax production and sake production began in the early 19th century while hot spring sites were constructed around Mt. Aso from 1804 to 1829.
In terms of infrastructure, the Suizen-ji Park was built in 1634 while the Tsujun Bridge, the largest aqueduct in Japan, was completed in 1854.
There were also periods of unrest, though. In 1637, the Shimabara Rebellion, a revolt of Christian peasants against higher taxes, took place, and the persecution of Christians followed, continuing until the mid-19th century.
Also, in 1792, in the aftermath of the eruption of Mount Unzen in the neighboring Nagasaki prefecture, two large earthquakes hit Higo Province, followed by a tsunami, which claimed over 15,000 lives.
Meiji Period (1868-1912)
In 1869, all lands were returned to the Emperor, and shortly after, Higo Province became known as the Kumamoto Prefecture. The Kumamoto Medical School, along with the Kumamoto School of Western Studies, were established, and the prefecture was headed towards modernization.
Not everyone, however, was pleased with these changes. The Samurai, in particular, became furious and rebelled against the Meiji government in what is now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. They attempted to take control of Kumamoto Castle but failed to do so and were eventually defeated at the Battle of Shiroyama.
Last Samurai Battlefield
20th Century Kumamoto – Present
Following the Satsuma Rebellion, Kumamoto Castle became one of the headquarters of the Imperial Army and in 1931, an extensive military exercise was conducted there under the supervision of Emperor Hirohito himself.
At the same time, the city of Kumamoto enjoyed another period of prosperity, and various infrastructure, such as roads, streetcars and a water supply system were constructed.
The progress stopped during World War II, when about one third of Kumamoto City burned in two massive air raids. The city suffered further damage in 1953 when the eruption of Mt. Aso and the flooding of North Kyushu caused debris to flow into its center.
Like the rest of Japan, Kumamoto City and the entire prefecture slowly rose from the ashes, rebuilding old infrastructure and creating new ones, such as dams to prevent flooding in the future.
Today, Kumamoto City still retains its historic ambience, which is especially centered around Kumamoto Castle, which was repaired in 1960, while also having a bustling city center with skyscrapers and modern establishments.