antibiotics
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Why is that? What are you studying now?Originally posted by SingaporeMacross:That's what my lecturer told me.
"Want to be a an epidemiologist? Forget it."
Ack, my biostatistics is very bad.
My stats was poor in polytechnic then it turned worse when I chose the biostats stream for my masters without meeting the prerequisites ( I did not have A level maths or O level Pure Maths background) . Then after a long hard route of practicing and practicing - I scored High Distinction for Biostats . It is just a matter of practice and how to apply it.
Epidemiology is easy in certain areas. In infectious epi, you just need to know how to run outbreak investigations and case control studies (power calculation, sampling and hypothesis) . In cancer epi, they go for prospective or retrospective cohort studies. In genetic epi , that is cohort or case control but you must be damn solid in genetics studies. In clinical epi , randomised control trials and cohort studies are the primer . -
Final semester in Molecular Biotechnology at NYP.Originally posted by fymk:Why is that? What are you studying now?
My stats was poor in polytechnic then it turned worse when I chose the biostats stream for my masters without meeting the prerequisites ( I did not have A level maths or O level Pure Maths background) . Then after a long hard route of practicing and practicing - I scored High Distinction for Biostats . It is just a matter of practice and how to apply it.
Epidemiology is easy in certain areas. In infectious epi, you just need to know how to run outbreak investigations and case control studies (power calculation, sampling and hypothesis) . In cancer epi, they go for prospective or retrospective cohort studies. In genetic epi , that is cohort or case control but you must be damn solid in genetics studies. In clinical epi , randomised control trials and cohort studies are the primer .
What did u study back then?
Heh, epidemiology is a examinable topic for one of my modules. Doing my tutorial for tomorrow. Bleah. -
What is this?Originally posted by fymk:Why is that? What are you studying now?
My stats was poor in polytechnic then it turned worse when I chose the biostats stream for my masters without meeting the prerequisites ( I did not have A level maths or O level Pure Maths background) . Then after a long hard route of practicing and practicing - I scored High Distinction for Biostats . It is just a matter of practice and how to apply it.
Epidemiology is easy in certain areas. In infectious epi, you just need to know how to run outbreak investigations and case control studies (power calculation, sampling and hypothesis) . In cancer epi, they go for prospective or retrospective cohort studies. In genetic epi , that is cohort or case control but you must be damn solid in genetics studies. In clinical epi , randomised control trials and cohort studies are the primer .
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probably Additional Math...
btw, i dunno much about biology but statistics, here's something i learnt.. unless you are gifted with a mathematical mind, never ever apply intuition in it.. most statistics are counter-intuitive... it is how statistics is used by bookies to make a killing from the punters...
good luck macross
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how does the body know if u had completed the whole course =/Originally posted by TYING:if only when u din complete the whole course.
ditzy did u call me
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I did nursing.Originally posted by SingaporeMacross:Final semester in Molecular Biotechnology at NYP.
What did u study back then?
Heh, epidemiology is a examinable topic for one of my modules. Doing my tutorial for tomorrow. Bleah. -
The bacteria in your body will be killed by a constant specified antibiotic dose for a specified period of time (a few days). And one antibiotic can only be active for a certain period of time (a few hours). To keep the effective levels up in your body enough to kill the bacteria , you need to eat your antibiotics for that said period of time (a few days) .Originally posted by ghimpheng:how does the body know if u had completed the whole course =/
ditzy did u call me
If you do not eat it regularly or complete it , the bacteria survives and will learn to cope with the antibiotic by generating resistant genes to it - evolution of the fittest to survive . That is one of the many ways on how antibiotic resistance occur. -
o well i didn't finish mine but i am still quite healthy up till now thoughOriginally posted by fymk:The bacteria in your body will be killed by a constant specified antibiotic dose for a specified period of time (a few days). And one antibiotic can only be active for a certain period of time (a few hours). To keep the effective levels up in your body enough to kill the bacteria , you need to eat your antibiotics for that said period of time (a few days) .
If you do not eat it regularly or complete it , the bacteria survives and will learn to cope with the antibiotic by generating resistant genes to it - evolution of the fittest to survive . That is one of the many ways on how antibiotic resistance occur.
what if i completed half of my antibiotic and the virus is already been exterminated do i still need to finish the whole course -
Antibiotics are not meant for a virus . It is meant to kill bacteria. Yes you do need to complete it so that at least the remnants of the bacteria population is almost controlled to a bare minimum. The reason why you fill better is that your body is taking it easy after the immune system fights the infection. You have symptoms when the body reacts to an infection. Feeling better does not mean that the infection is gone totally.Originally posted by ghimpheng:o well i didn't finish mine but i am still quite healthy up till now though
what if i completed half of my antibiotic and the virus is already been exterminated do i still need to finish the whole course
IF that is not enough - some bacteria are known to share antibiotic resistant genes like vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) which can go around sharing the gene aka plasmid with a straphylococcus aureus bacteria ...that is why hospitals isolate people infected or carrying VRE.
Now when your body is healthy , you will be able to cope with most infections. As you grow older , you will find out that infections can still kill you especially antibiotic resistant ones. Some people becomes carriers ( meaning they don't exhibit symptoms) and some will become sick. Matter of lucky draw and the state of your immune system and the state of the bacteria infecting you.
People still do die of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. Young and old. You willl only know how antibiotic resistant bacteria affect you when you are very ill. You will find that doctors will have to prescribe stronger antibiotics with more side effects if you become seriously ill and the bacteria that is causing the infection does not respond to antibiotics.
I remember the strongest antibiotics was vancomycin and gentamycin - they are given through the veins . That meant having to do levels every 2-3 days just to make sure that it will not destroy the person's kidney while in the process of killing the bacteria. Linezoid is now the strongest for certain infections but it comes with even worse side effects. I think they monitor daily for liver and renal failure for those on linezoid infusions. If all fails, you have to depend on your body. Most elderly do not survive such bad infections. They die.
So don't underestimate the humble bacteria who can wreck havoc on you. -
Haha, we studied Linezolid today.Originally posted by fymk:Antibiotics are not meant for a virus . It is meant to kill bacteria. Yes you do need to complete it so that at least the remnants of the bacteria population is almost controlled to a bare minimum. The reason why you fill better is that your body is taking it easy after the immune system fights the infection. You have symptoms when the body reacts to an infection. Feeling better does not mean that the infection is gone totally.
IF that is not enough - some bacteria are known to share antibiotic resistant genes like vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) which can go around sharing the gene aka plasmid with a straphylococcus aureus bacteria ...that is why hospitals isolate people infected or carrying VRE.
Now when your body is healthy , you will be able to cope with most infections. As you grow older , you will find out that infections can still kill you especially antibiotic resistant ones. Some people becomes carriers ( meaning they don't exhibit symptoms) and some will become sick. Matter of lucky draw and the state of your immune system and the state of the bacteria infecting you.
People still do die of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. Young and old. You willl only know how antibiotic resistant bacteria affect you when you are very ill. You will find that doctors will have to prescribe stronger antibiotics with more side effects if you become seriously ill and the bacteria that is causing the infection does not respond to antibiotics.
I remember the strongest antibiotics was vancomycin and gentamycin - they are given through the veins . That meant having to do levels every 2-3 days just to make sure that it will not destroy the person's kidney while in the process of killing the bacteria. Linezoid is now the strongest for certain infections but it comes with even worse side effects. I think they monitor daily for liver and renal failure for those on linezoid infusions. If all fails, you have to depend on your body. Most elderly do not survive such bad infections. They die.
So don't underestimate the humble bacteria who can wreck havoc on you. -
new generation antibiotics but already you have linezoid resistant enterococi .Originally posted by SingaporeMacross:Haha, we studied Linezolid today.